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Caribbean area festival in Toronto

Toronto Caribbean Carnival

Abbreviation	TCC[1]
Formation	1967-2006 (CAG/CCC) 2006-present (FMC)
Type	Cultural festival
Legal status	Active, non-profit
Purpose	Celebration of Caribbean heritage
Headquarters	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Location	12 Cranfield Rd. Suite 210, Toronto, Ontario
Official language	English, French
Parent organization	Festival Management Commission
Affiliations	Urban center of Toronto government, Toronto Mas Bands Clan, Ontario Steelpan Association (OSA), Organisation of Calypso Performing Artists (OCPA)
Upkeep	CA$1.2 million
Staff	12
Volunteers	1,000+
Website	torontocarnival.ca

The Toronto Caribbean Carnival, formerly known every bit Caribana, is a festival of Caribbean culture and traditions held each summertime in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Information technology is a pan-Caribbean Carnival consequence and has been billed as N America's largest street festival,^[2] frequented by over 1.3 1000000 visitors each year for the festival's final parade and an overall attendance of 2 million.^[iii]

Beginning in July, the multi-week festivities lead up to the parade which occurs over the Simcoe Day long weekend which occurs on the get-go weekend in Baronial. The festival also coincides with Baronial ane, which is also known as Emancipation Day. The main stakeholders of the events are the Toronto Mas' Bands Association, the Organization of Calypso Performing Artistes, and the Ontario Steelpan Association.

Events [edit]

Several events occur over the class of the festivities jubilant Caribbean civilisation. While the Parade of Bands is the about-well known festivities, events vary per year and in the past has included exhibits (for instance the first Caribana displayed every book published by a Caribbean writer, including Austin Clarke who was the centrepiece of the exhibition); theatre plays (such as Austin Clarke's "Children of the Scheme" which dealt with the plight of Caribbean women who came to Canada on the domestic immigrant worker scheme); and mode shows.^[four]

G Parade [edit]

While the Caribbean Festival holds events over several weeks, the culmination of the Caribana event is the final weekend which is punctuated by the street Parade of Bands. This weekend traditionally coincides with the civic holiday in August. The street Parade of Bands consists of costumed dancers (called "Mas players") along with live Caribbean area music being played from large speakers on the flat-bed of 18 wheeler trucks. Much of the music associated with the event, such every bit steel pan, soca and calypso. Floats tin can as well exist plant which play chutney, dancehall and reggae music.

• 

• 

• 

  A costume designed by Centennial College's School of Hospitality, Tourism, and Culture for the 2010 parade.

The bands are the most important part of the main Carnival parade. Each band displays an creative theme through costume-making.^[5] In competition with one another during the parade, they pass a judging spot which will rate each band section for its costume design, the free energy of masqueraders, the creativity of presentation and and so on.^{[ commendation needed ]} Work on the costumes begin soon afterwards the previous yr'south celebration and unremarkably takes one total twelvemonth to complete all of the costumes. As of 2017, Whitfield Belasco has led a band since his brother recruited him from the Trinidad Carnival to help organize the first Caribana in 1967.^[6] Louis Saldenah has actively participated in Caribana since 1977 and has been awarded the Band of the Year twenty times.^[seven] A King and Queen of the Band is also judged, and winning is considered challenge the biggest prize of the festival.

In the 1970s, the parade route originally followed Bloor and Yonge Streets ending at Toronto City Hall concluding with a concert at Nathan Phillips Square.^[8] In the 1980s, the parade ran forth Bay and University Avenue. Since 1991, when the parade shifted to Lake Shore Boulevard into Exhibition Place, barricades were introduced to separate the spectators from those playing mas. In 1993, the Caribana Marketplace covered market was added at Marilyn Bell Park along the parade route.^[9]

In May 2010, the festival added a new initiative to involve postal service-secondary schools. The only higher to participate was Centennial College Schoolhouse of Hospitality, Tourism and Culture, where they created a costume theme of the Tropical Amazon.^[10]

Band of the Year winners

Year	Band	Leader(southward)
2021	[ ? ]
2020	[ ? ]
2019	[ ? ]	Louis Saldenah[11]
2018	[ ? ]
2017	[ ? ]	Louis Saldenah[12]
2016	[ ? ]
2015	[ ? ]
2014	[ ? ]
2013	[ ? ]
2012	[ ? ]
2011	[ ? ]
2010	[ ? ]
2009	[ ? ]
2008	[ ? ]
2007	[ ? ]
2006	[ ? ]
2005	[ ? ]
2004	[ ? ]
2003	[ ? ]
2002	[ ? ]
2001	[ ? ]
2000	[ ? ]
1999	[ ? ]
1998	[ ? ]
1997	[ ? ]
1996	[ ? ]
1995	The Art of Nature	Kenney Combs[thirteen]
1994	[ ? ]	Louis Saldenah[13]
1993	The Gilt Antilles	Arnold Hughes[13]
1992	The Architect	Louis Saldenah[xiii]
1991	Outa Dis World - Trinidad and Tobago	Louis Saldenah[13]
1990	Beyond the Darkness	Louis Saldenah[thirteen]
1989	Fire On Ice	Louis Saldenah[thirteen]
1988	Of Men and Gods	Arnold Hughes and Assembly[13]
1987	Nations of the Globe	Eddie Merchant[thirteen]
1986	The Treasures of Nursery Rhyme and Fairy Tales	Eddie Merchant[13]
1985	Flying into Fantasy	Selwyn Davis and Whitfield Belasco[13]
1984	Tribute to Sparrow and Kitchener	Eddie Merchant[13]
1983	Birds Evolution	Eddie Merchant[thirteen]
1982	Night Out	Louis Saldenah[thirteen]
1981	Power of the SKy	Eddie Merchant[13]
1980	Island in the Lord's day	Louis Saldenah[13]
1979	From the Caribbean with Love	Russell Charter[13]
1978	Birds of a Feather	Raymond Lee[13]
1977	Shangrila	Louis Saldenah, Harold Saldenah, and Carlos Douglas[thirteen]
1976	Shaka's Dream Africa	Nip Davis[thirteen]
1975	A Compendium of Games	Noel Audain[thirteen]
1974	Festival of Fans/Noctural Emissions	Nip Davis and Earnest Castello/Kenn Shah[13]
1973	Modes of the Seasons	Hostage Castello[13]
1972	Tales of Utopia	Earnest Castello[xiii]
1971	Tout C'est Beau/Wonderful Earth of Color	Earnest Castello/Noel Audain[13]
1970	Snowfall Kingdom	Keith Sheppard, Joe Chocolate-brown, Steve Dyal, Kenn Shah[xiii]
1969	Splendor of the Nighttime Continent	Clive Brand[thirteen]
1968	The Fantasy of the American Indians	Clive Make[13]
1967	Flight Into Fantasy	Alpha Rex, Whitfield Belasco, and Nip Davis[fourteen]

King and Queen Showcase [edit]

The night before the grande parade, all the kings and queens (leaders) of the bands compete on phase at Lamport Stadium to exist named King and Queen of Carnival. Joella Crichton has been awarded Queen of the Carnival nine times and was subject of "Becoming a Queen" a ninety minute documentary which screened at the CaribbeanTales International Picture Festival.^{[fifteen] [16] [17]}

Queen of the Bands

Year	Queen	Title	Ring	Band Leader(southward)
2008	Joella Crichton[18]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]
2007	[ ? ]
2006	[ ? ]
2005	[ ? ]
2004	[ ? ]
2003	[ ? ]
2002	[ ? ]
2001	[ ? ]
2000	[ ? ]
1999	[ ? ]
1998	[ ? ]
1997	[ ? ]
1996	[ ? ]
1995	Danielle Lee[thirteen]	Lady of Life	Sunrise and Sunset	Nip Davis and Courtney Doldron
1994	Natasha McCollin[thirteen]	Dance Ka Lay Lay	Dancing in the Street	Ken de Freitas
1993	Penney Sutherland[13]	Amazon Queen	Golden Antilles	Arnold Hughes
1992	Venetia Saldenah[13]	Pandora Box	The Architect	Louis Saldenah
1991	Ariene Parris[thirteen]	Moving ridge of Light and Life	[ ? ]	Kenne de Freitas
1990	[ ? ]
1989	[ ? ]
1988	[ ? ]
1987	[ ? ]
1986	[ ? ]
1985	[ ? ]
1984	[ ? ]
1983	[ ? ]
1982	[ ? ]
1981	[ ? ]
1980	[ ? ]
1979	[ ? ]
1978	[ ? ]
1977	[ ? ]
1976	[ ? ]
1975	[ ? ]
1974	[ ? ]
1973	[ ? ]
1972	[ ? ]
1972	[ ? ]
1971	[ ? ]
1970	[ ? ]
1969	[ ? ]
1968	Yvonne Alexander[13]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]
1967	Hyacinth Noreiga[19]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]

King of the Bands

Year	King	Championship	Band	Band Leader(s)
2008	Ronald Alleyze[xviii]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]
2007	[ ? ]
2006	[ ? ]
2005	[ ? ]
2004	[ ? ]
2003	[ ? ]
2002	[ ? ]
2001	[ ? ]
2000	[ ? ]
1999	[ ? ]
1998	[ ? ]
1997	[ ? ]
1996	[ ? ]
1995	Jason Connelle/Courtney Doldron[xiii]	A Mystical Bird/Chaos	And then Nice So Sweet/Sunrise and Sunset	Ken de Freitas/Nipp Davis and Courtney Doldron
1994	Courtney Doldron[xiii]	Thirty	Abracadabra	Nip Davis and Courtney Doldron
1993	Rudy Rampersad[xiii]	The Nebula	Light Later Dark	Louis Saldenah
1992	John Kam/Rudy Ramparsad[13]	King Solomon's Dream/Visions of the Builder	Biblical and Mythical Dreams/The Architect	Dreams by Caribbean & Canadian Cultural Society (The iv C's)/Louis Saldenah
1991	John Kam[13]	Northern Reflections	Realms of Lite	Arnold Hughes
1990	John Kam[13]	High Priest of El Dorado	Poetry in Move	Arnold Hughes
1989	[ ? ]
1988	[ ? ]
1987	[ ? ]
1986	[ ? ]
1985	[ ? ]
1984	[ ? ]
1983	[ ? ]
1982	[ ? ]
1981	[ ? ]
1980	[ ? ]
1979	[ ? ]
1978	[ ? ]
1977	[ ? ]
1976	[ ? ]
1975	[ ? ]
1974	[ ? ]
1973	[ ? ]
1972	[ ? ]
1972	[ ? ]
1971	[ ? ]
1970	[ ? ]
1969	[ ? ]
1968	Francis Dennis[13]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]	[ ? ]

Calypso Monarch [edit]

Started in 1980, this judged event crowns a Calypso Monarch for the year.^[13]

Caylpso Monarch winners

Yr	Monarch
1988	John 'Jayson' Perez[fourteen]
1987	John 'Jayson' Perez[14]
1986	John 'Jayson' Perez[fourteen]
1985	[ ? ]
1984	John 'Jayson' Perez[14]
1983	[ ? ]
1982	[ ? ]
1981	[ ? ]
1980	Lord Smokey[13]

J'ouvert [edit]

In addition to the main parade, the Caribbean area community also celebrates a smaller pre-dawn parade known as J'ouvert (Pronounced "Jou-vay"). This too has been modelled subsequently and taken from Trinidad Carnival. In Caribbean area French-creole this ways "day open" or morn. The J'ouvert portion of Carnival is the more than rhythmic part of the Funfair celebration and is usually featured with steelpan bands, and persons using improvised musical instruments. It is not ordinarily accompanied by whatever singing simply will accept a lot of whistles and other music makers. Spectators and or persons "playing Mas" will occasionally become themselves covered from head-to-toe with mud, flour, baby pulverization, or dissimilar water-colored paints in the tradition of the Caribbean-based J'ouvert celebrations. In many instances, everyone in the band is supposed to resemble evil spirits while parading around at night. There are some mutual characters^[20] that are a role of Afro-Caribbean area folklore^{[21] [22]} and include things like Scarlet Devils (people covered in red paints), Bluish Devils (people covered in blue paints), Green devils, Black devils, Yellowish devils, White devils, (normally people throwing baby powder or flour.) or people but covered in other concoctions which are supposed to resemble mud^[23] or oil.^{[24] [25]}

Other events [edit]

• Junior Carnival Parade: The junior carnival (commonly known equally Kiddie Carnival) has run since, at least, the 1990s and provides an opportunity for immature masquerades to dance through the streets. Similar to the chiliad parade, the junior carnival consists of a series of bands with leaders who brandish costumes in competition.
• Junior King and Queen Showcase: This was introduced in 2017 to allow the Younger kids to showcase Jr King and Queen's at Malvern Boondocks Centre before the Jr 1000 Parade & Family Day.
• Fêtes (parties): Leading upwardly to the master parade a number of Caribbean music artists perform in Toronto. These parties are generally chosen "fêtes", for a French-Creole Caribbean area discussion meaning "festival", and usually start in June/July.
• Jump-ups (dances)
• Picnics (Food Fest): Originally taking identify on the Toronto Islands, the island picnics now occur at Ontario Identify. Picnics are ii days of feasting on rotis, jerk chicken and festival, callaloo, goat head soup, potato pudding, pelau, fried fish, cow foot, rum cakes; drinking sorrell, Mauby, and ginger beer; and dancing to music.
• Calypso tents (shows)
• Talk tents: Talk tents contain shows featuring storytellers, comedians and others well versed in oral traditions.^[26]
• Gala (Carnival Ball): The gala, debuted in 2008, is an evening of elegance jubilant Carnival music, arts, and the works of the pioneers of the Caribana festival.
• Pan blockos/blockorama (steel band street parties)

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

A Caribana parade participant in 1977.

Caribana has been run annually since 1967, get-go performed as a gift from Canada'due south Caribbean community, as a tribute to Canada's Centennial. Billing itself every bit a multicultural nation, the Canadian government invited ethno-cultural groups to contribute celebrations with representations of their ethnic diversity.^[27] Caribana emerged during a fourth dimension when many Caribbean residents emigrated to Canada post-obit immigration reform, internationally acclaimed singers were popularizing Caribbean area music (for case Harry Belafonte sang to a sold-out crowd at the O'Keefe Center in Toronto), Civil Rights Movement activities including the Canadian visits by Malcolm 10 and Martin Luther Rex Jr., and Muhammad Ali's fight confronting the Canadian heavyweight champion George Chuvalo.^[3]

Introduced by immigrants from the Caribbean, Caribana's roots has links to slavery and the struggle for empancipation, too as post-colonial pan-Caribbean influence of the 1960s.^{[28] [29] [thirty]} Following the carnival format, particularly that of the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival,^[31] Caribana's Afro-Caribbean influences include traditions from many of the islands: John Canoe in Jamaica, Crop Over in Barbados, and other similar festivals in Republic of cuba, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.^[32]

Caribana also taps into the legacy of the pre-Lenten Calypso Carnival celebrations organized by the Canadian Negro Women'due south Organization (CANEWA) and headed by Kay Livingstone.^{[33] [28]} From 1952 to 1964, CANEWA produced, funded, and hosted these annual i-day celebrations of Caribbean area culture through nutrient, dance, and music as fundraisers for scholarships to assist Black students to attend recently desegregated schools in southern Ontario. ^{[34] [28]}

The centuries-long Blackness Canadian tradition of Emancipation Day parades are too an influence on Caribana.^[iii] Emancipation Solar day Parades began to gloat the liberation of the enslaved throughout the Americas and were largely observed around the same time equally the Calypso Carnivals. The founders of this parade were largely decadents of fugitive slaves and other Black American immigrants. The parades were marked as a Black victory over the British and operated equally a military-style event, displaying military regalia, marching bands, and drum corps. Emancipation Twenty-four hours Parades became the virtually notable displays past and for Black Canadians prior to Caribana.^[34]

The founding organizers' goal of using festival profits to create a Black customs centre remain unfulfilled.^[35]

Administrative history [edit]

In 1967, 10 individuals formed the Caribbean Centennial Committee (CCC).^[35] Its board members more often than not made up of expatriate-Caribbean nationals living in Canada. Charles Roach and Julius Alexander Isaac (the commencement Black gauge of the Federal Courtroom of Entreatment) were among the community leaders who organized the first Caribana.^[3] The CCC changed its name to the Caribbean Committee for Cultural Advancement (CCCA) in 1968 and Caribbean Cultural Committee (CCC) in 1969.^[35]

Every bit the festival became a permanent annual issue, the festival organization became dependent on borrowing money from the City of Toronto prior to the festival, to exist repaid out of festival profits (if whatever) later. By 1992, the festival had congenital up a debt to the City. The Metropolis of Toronto forgave the entire outstanding debt after the 1992 effect.^[36] The same year, Caribana developed a new partnership with Toronto-area hotels.^[37] In 1993, the organisation fired its operating principal.^[38] Post-obit Puff Daddy's operation in 1997, many observers raised concerns regarding cultural memory and festival organizers' moral-cultural responsibleness.^[39] At launch in Nathan Phillips Square, Premier Bob Rae calls the event a "beacon of hope" for all Canadians, as a symbol of racial harmony. "Carry a Can to Caribana" launched, in support of Daily Bread Food Bank.^[forty] With omnipresence downward, the lath chair blamed the federal and provincial tourism ministries for non funding their American advertising entrada.^[41]

In September 2004, afterwards the 37th festival, the consul general of Trinidad and Tobago worked with Caribbean Cultural Commission to increase support from the business community; the committee received around CA$1 1000000 that year from the national, provincial, and city governments, but it cost about twice that to run the festival.^[42] In 2006, the Caribbean Cultural Committee ran into financial troubles once again and the City of Toronto regime funding was given to the Toronto Mas Ring Association which had organized the festival in 2002. Due to an ongoing dispute about the ownership of the trademark "Caribana," the 2006 festival was promoted every bit "the Toronto Caribbean area Carnival (Caribana)".On September 1, 2010, new management took over the Festival Management Committee (FMC).

In 2019 UNESCO the Canadian Commission officially recognizes the festival and names as a Cultural heritage property.^{[ citation needed ]}

Naming [edit]

The name Caribana was invented by the organizers to capture the notions of Canada, the Caribbean, bacchanalia and merrymaking.^[3] A naming dispute arose over the use of "Caribana." The Caribbean Cultural Committee claimed that it legally held the trademark for "Caribana". In April 2010, a panel for the Earth Intellectual Belongings Organization (WIPO) ruled that Scotiabank, as the sponsors of the Caribana festival, did not have grounds for being awarded the domain name caribana.com from its current owners the Working Give-and-take Co-operative.^[43] In 2011, the Ontario Superior Court Of Justice ruled that the Caribana Arts Grouping (CAG), the successors of Caribbean Cultural Committee (CCC), has legal rights to the name Caribana.

[edit]

The offset named festival sponsor was Scotiabank (Scotiabank Caribana from 2007 to 2011 and Scotiabank Toronto Caribbean Carnival from 2011 to 2015).^[44] In October 2015, Scotiabank announced that information technology would end its sponsorship with Toronto'due south Caribbean Carnival parade after vi years.^[45]

The festival continued without a naming sponsor until 2017, when Peeks became the new championship sponsor and the festival became the Peeks Toronto Caribbean area Carnival.^[46] In June 2019, Peeks' title sponsorship was removed and the festival was chosen the Toronto Caribbean Carnival for 2019.

• 

• 

  Logo from 2011 to 2015

• 

  Logo from 2017 to 2018

• 

• 

COVID-19 alternative formats [edit]

The 2020 and 2021 editions of the event were cancelled because of the global COVID-19 pandemic;^{[47] [48]} consequently, it took place in a "virtual format" on July iii, 2020. In order to accommodate restrictions during the pandemic during the summer of 2021, the festival pivoted to a foodie event with steel pans and masqueraders and replaced the grande parade with a food truck festival.^[49]

Economics and bear on [edit]

The entire issue, which is one of the commencement Caribbean Carnivals along with those in New York City, Notting Loma and Boston to be held outside of the Caribbean region. Economical studies estimates that the fesstival contributes approximately $400 1000000 into Ontario'south economy each year with the Federal Government being the largest veneficiary.^{[fifty] [51]} The participation demographics of over one.ii 1000000 attendees indicates that 58% of attendees are from outside the Greater Toronto Area^[52] and over one million individuals from the United states.^[51] Approximately 72% of participants have previously attended Caribana.^[52]

See also [edit]

• Carifiesta
• List of festivals in Canada
• List of festivals in Ontario
• List of festivals in Toronto

References [edit]

1. ^ "Toronto Caribbean Festival". Toronto Caribbean Carnival.
2. ^ Toronto Caribbean Funfair or Caribana
3. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Foster, Cecil; Schwarz, Chris (1995). Caribana, the greatest commemoration (Gift ed.). Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN0345398165. OCLC 32391351.
4. ^ Trip, Culture (June 1, 2016). "A Cursory History Of Toronto's Caribana Festival". Culture Trip . Retrieved February 16, 2022.
5. ^ "African Canadian Online: An Online Resource by the Heart for the Study of Black Cultures in Canada". www.yorku.ca . Retrieved February 8, 2022.
6. ^ "50 years after, the beat goes on for the city's Caribbean area festival | CBC News". CBC . Retrieved March 11, 2018.
7. ^ "History | Saldenah Carnival". Retrieved February 4, 2022.
8. ^ "COMMUNITYComments3 Caribana and the meaning of ordered chaos". Spacing Toronto. July 31, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
9. ^ Turnbull, Barbara (July 30, 1993). "Party time!". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. p. A06.
10. ^ Centennial College (July 27, 2010). "Centennial College students getting into the Caribana spirit". Newswire.ca. Retrieved October iii, 2016.
11. ^ "Louis Saldenah named Toronto Caribbean Funfair top ring for 20th fourth dimension". toronto.com . Retrieved April 13, 2022.
12. ^ "Louis Saldenah wins Toronto Caribbean Carnival superlative prize for 18th fourth dimension". toronto.com . Retrieved Apr 13, 2022.
13. ^ ^{a b c d e f grand h i j k l m northward o p q r s t u five due west x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq} "CARIBANA PAST WINNERS". carnaval.com . Retrieved April xiii, 2022.
14. ^ ^{a b c d east} "Caribana stalwarts honoured at gala". carnaval.com . Retrieved April xiii, 2022.
15. ^ "Carnival Queen Joella Crichton's story subject of new film". Ron Fanfair . Retrieved February 8, 2022.
16. ^ "Seventh straight win for Funfair Queen". Ron Fanfair . Retrieved Feb 8, 2022.
17. ^ DeMara, Bruce (September 5, 2021). "Motion-picture show about Toronto Funfair takes centre stage at this year's CaribbeanTales International Film Festival". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved February viii, 2022.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Caribana Queen and Male monarch crowned at festival". The Star . Retrieved February viii, 2022.
19. ^ "No competition for Toronto's offset Caribbean Queen 5- years ago". cbc.ca . Retrieved April xiii, 2022.
20. ^ "Quondam-Fourth dimension Carnival Characters (Annal)". Trinidad Investment and Development Co. (TIDCO). Archived from the original on September seven, 2004. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
21. ^ "Trinidad & Tobago's Folklore and Legends The Mayaro Soucouyant (Archive)". Paria Publishing. Archived from the original on March 13, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
22. ^ Fontaine, Thomson (Dec xi, 2006). "Of Myths Folklore and Legends – The Story of Lougarous and Soukouyants". TheDominican.Net. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
23. ^ "Artiste: 3 Canal, Song: Mud Madness". YouTube. Archived from the original on Dec 21, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
24. ^ "Photo of some "Blue Devils" during the 2007 Cricket World Cup-In the Caribbean". Flickr. March 23, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
25. ^ "Artiste: 3 Canal, Song: Blue, 1997". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2009.
26. ^ Annemarie Gallaugher. "Toronto Caribbean area Funfair, Caribana". Encyclopedia of Music in Canada . Retrieved September 7, 2019.
27. ^ Jackson, Peter. "The politics of the streets: a geography of Caribana". Political Geography. 11 (2): 130–151. doi:10.1016/0962-6298(92)90045-u.
28. ^ ^{a b c} Gomez, Henry (July 6, 2021). "The Caribana Parade: Storming and Bug of Power and Command": 3.
29. ^ Taylor, Sharine (January 5, 2021). "Carnival, Blackness and the Precarity of Public Safety". Azure Magazine . Retrieved February iv, 2022.
30. ^ Gomez, Henry (July 6, 2021). "The Caribana Parade: Storming and Bug of Power and Control": 88.
31. ^ Campbell, Mark V. (Baronial 10, 2017). "Fifty years of jubilant island civilisation at Toronto's Caribbean area Carnival". TopToronto.ca. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved January iv, 2022.
32. ^ "Caribana and the meaning of ordered chaos - Spacing Toronto". Spacing Toronto. July 31, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
33. ^ "York University Libraries | Clara Thomas Archives & Special Collections online exhibits | Caribana buttons · The Jean Augustine Political Push Drove". archives.library.yorku.ca . Retrieved March 21, 2018.
34. ^ ^{a b} Phillip, Lyndon. "Reading Caribana 1997: Black Youth, Puff Daddy, Style, and Diaspora Transformations" 2007.
35. ^ ^{a b c} "Caribana Toronto History". flagsandcolours . Retrieved February eight, 2022.
36. ^ Small, Peter; Jane Armstrong (August 11, 1992). "Caribana expecting bigger turn a profit". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. p. A06.
37. ^ Henton, Darcy (May one, 1993). "Tourism faces new economy". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. p. A2.
38. ^ "Caribana fires operating chief". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. May 21, 1993. p. A07.
39. ^ Phillip, Lyndon (2007). "Reading Caribana 1997: Black Youth, Puff Daddy, Style, and DiasporaTransformations". Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival: 102–135.
40. ^ Wright, Lisa (July xx, 1993). "Caribana bumps and grinds". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. p. A06.
41. ^ MacKinnon, Donna Jean (August five, 1993). "Caribana draws grumbles and rave reviews". Toronto Star. Toronto ON. p. A06.
42. ^ Doyle-Marshall, William, "The festival for all – Envoy targets Board of Trade to boost Caribana", The Trinidad Guardian, September 9, 2004.
43. ^ El Akkad, Omar (April 26, 2010). "Scotiabank fails in bid to snag Caribana domain proper name". The World and Mail . Retrieved May nine, 2010. Scotiabank'south unsuccessful attempt to proceeds control of the potentially lucrative website name became the basis for a case earlier the global tribunal that resolves such domain name disputes – a case that lawyers say could have set a wide-ranging and controversial precedent.
44. ^ "It's no longer Caribana: Festival unveils its new name", Carib101.com, May 25, 2011.
45. ^ "Scotiabank won't renew sponsorship of Caribbean Carnival". CTV News. October 2015.
46. ^ "Peeks Toronto Caribbean Funfair 2017", News Release, Ontario Science Eye, June one, 2017.
47. ^ "Toronto Caribbean Carnival 2020 cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic". Global News. April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
48. ^ [one] Toronto Caribbean area Funfair cancelled due to COVID-19 http://www.cp24.com, published April nine 2020
49. ^ Simonpillai, Radheyan (June fifteen, 2021). "Toronto Caribbean Carnival will be a food truck festival in 2021". At present Mag . Retrieved July v, 2021.
50. ^ Gomez, Henry (July 6, 2021). "The Caribana Parade: Storming and Bug of Ability and Control": thirty.
51. ^ ^{a b} "The Caribana success story". Toronto Star. May 3, 2010. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
52. ^ ^{a b} https://www.flare.com/news/toronto-caribbean-carnival-caribana/.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caribana.

• Official website
• Toronto Caribbean Carnival virtual timeline: an interactive and collaborative history project
• Caribana'south gilded ceremony: an archival research guide by the Clara Thomas Archives and Special Collections, York University Libraries

Coordinates: 43°37′56″Northward 79°25′01″W  /  43.6322°Northward 79.4169°Westward  / 43.6322; -79.4169

radcliffe-brownbusind.blogspot.com

Source: https://wikizero.com/m/Caribana_Festival_(Canada)

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